There will be a social studies evaluation on Wednesday, September 23rd on Book 5 - Introduction & Adventure 1. Please review the following:
- notes and questions int he scribbler
- definitions for Introduction & Adventure 1
- worksheets 62-67
MODULE 5
Quebec from 1900-1980 (p.6-7)
In 1980, 80% of the Quebec population lived in cities. The migration of people from the country to the city increased dramatically during the last 80 years.
From 1900-1980, the population of Quebec quadrupled growing from 1.5 million to more than 6 million. The percentage of people who speak English has risen from 11 % to 16%, and the number who speak another language has risen from 4% to 7%.
The Quiet Revolution is the name given to the nonviolent period of political and social change that occurred in Quebec in the 1960’s.
ADVENTURE 1 QUEBEC AROUND 1980: A RICH TERRITORY
Agriculture (14-15)
New technologies have increased productivity on farms. Equipment was more expensive, so farmers grouped together to purchase it. Farms were becoming more and more specialized in a single type of production. Around 1980, around 78 000 people worked in the farming sector. A higher level of education among farmers, mechanized equipment and new techniques increased the productivity of farms.
Forest Resources (p.16-17)
Quebec’s forests provide jobs to over 10 000 people; around 1900, they provided 90 000. Sophisticated machines replaced a large part of the workforce. Canada has the world’s largest boreal forest. It covers one third of Quebec’s territory. Forest resources are used primarily for making paper. The invention of tree-cutting machines led to clear cutting. Companies must make sure they replant trees they cut down. Mixed forest, which provides hardwood for the manufacturing of flooring and furniture, has almost disappeared because of deforestation for agriculture.
Fisheries (p.18-19)
Fish and shellfish were abundant in the Bas St. Laurent, Gaspésie, Iles-de-la-Madeleine, and Cote Nord regions. The cod stock was endangered by over-fishing; the Grand Banks of Newfoundland was in international waters where trawlers from several European countries were also fishing. In the early 1980’s, the government adopted an order prohibiting cod fishing. This radical measure was necessary to protect the species.
Specialized plants processed ocean catch for commercial sale. These plants dry or can fish. They also processed seafood like crab, shrimp and clams. The fishing sector provided jobs that were only seasonal. As a result, workers did not have full time employment in this sector.
Hydrographic Network (p.20-21)
Quebec’s hydrographic network has many lakes and rivers. The movement of glaciers carved out the Canadian Shield. As glaciers melted, many cavities were filled with water to become lakes, rivers and other bodies of water. Each of the waterways that empty into an ocean is referred to as a drainage basin. Quebec has three drainage basins: Hudson Bay, Ungava Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.
May 8, 2015
There will be a social studies evaluation on Wednesday, May 20th on Book 3 - Adventure 2. Please review the following:
- notes and questions in scribbler
- definitions for adventure 2
- worksheets pages 64, 69, 70
- important people on pages 33, 38, 39, 43
ADVENTURE
2 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE
Having Fun
p.33-35
·
Technology created new forms of
entertainment.
·
The gramophone allowed people to
listen to recordings of Canadian and foreign artists.
·
Concerts were often held
outdoors. Sometimes they were
accompanied by picnics.
·
The silent moving picture was
invented.
Sports Fans
p.36
·
Lacrosse, which was of Aboriginal
origin, was Canada’s most popular summer sport.
·
Ice hockey was the second most
popular sport in Canada. It was invented
by groups of Scottish settlers stationed in forts at Kingston and Halifax
around 1850.
·
Ice hockey was originally played
with a rubber ball.
·
In 1879, some students made a puck
by cutting a lacrosse ball. The puck quickly
became popular.
In the
Classroom p. 37-38
·
Students usually attended school
until grade 4.
·
A law obliged illiterate employees
of 16 years of age or over to take night classes or risk losing their jobs.
·
The number of schools in the
country increased and so did student enrolment.
Religious communities or village school commissioners ran the schools.
·
Inspectors made the rounds of
schools to give student exams and test the quality of teachers’ work.
·
In the cities, there were primary schools
and colleges. People paid to attend
colleges.
·
Traditionally, boys studied to be
doctors or priests. Canadian
universities did not accept female medical students; therefore, women could not
become doctors.
Questions: p. 37 #2, 3, 4
#2 To heat the classroom in the winter.
#3 So people could drink (there was no running water).
#4 The students are not all the same age. This is a
small country school with many grades in the same room.
Caring for
the Sick p.38-39
·
At the beginning of the 20th
century, the Francophone population of Quebec had the highest rate of infant
mortality in Canada. In Montreal, one
child in four died before their first birthday.
·
Public awareness campaigns provided
mothers with valuable information on how to feed their babies.
·
Vaccination campaigns increased to
eliminate epidemics.
·
Government improved the quality of
health care available.
·
Municipalities improved the quality
of drinking water.
Questions: p.39 # 1, 2, 3
#1 Women
#2 From the looks of their clothes, working-class
neighborhoods.
#3 Yes, there are places to help families.
Communications
p.40
·
The telegraph was a revolutionary
19th century invention. It
was a major advance over mail transported on land or over water. However, Morse code had limits because
messages had to be coded and then decoded by the telegraph operator.
·
Alexander Graham Bell advanced the
technology of the telegraph by inventing the telephone in 1876. This technology allowed direct communication.
·
Telephone operators worked in
centers and put people in contact with one another. An electrical system allowed direct
communication.
March 31, 2015
There will be a social studies evaluation on Tuesday, April 21st on Book 3 - Adventure 1. Please review the following:
- notes and questions in scribbler (answers to the questions are below the notes)
- definitions for adventure 1
- worksheets pages 62-63, 65-66
- Important people on pages 18, 21
- Map D pg. 22, Map E pg, 26, Map F pg. 27
Module 3 Quebec Around 1905: Politics and Culture
A Look at
the Present (p.4-5)
The National Assembly is the parliament of
Quebec. This is where the province’s
elected representatives (or members) meet to debate the performance of the
government and pass bills into laws.
Define: Federal
The
Development of the Territory (p.6-7)
Questions: p. 6 # 1-3
Adventure 1
The Government of 1905
(p.10-11)
Questions: #1-4
Define: Federation, Dominion, Member of Parliament
How was the
Government Formed? (p. 12-13)
Voters chose their elected representatives from
candidates from one of the political parties.
In each electoral riding, the candidate who won the most votes was
elected to represent that place.
Depending on the level of government, members of
Parliament met to make laws either at the House of Commons in Ottawa or at the
Legislative Assembly in Quebec City. The
party with the greatest number of members of Parliament was considered to have
won the election; its leader became the prime minister of Canada (the federal
government), or the premier of the province (provincial).
The prime minister / premier chose a cabinet of
government ministers from among the elected representatives of the party. The government would propose bills and
administer the country or province.
At the provincial level, the population of the
province was represented by members of the Legislative Assembly, or MLAs, who
made laws in the provincial legislature (called the National Assembly in
Quebec).
The provincial premier, ministerial Cabinet and
government administration were accountable to a legislature’s elected
representatives at all times. The
members of the legislatures voiced their opinions on bills presented by the
provincial governments’ Cabinet ministers.
The premier and Cabinet formed the Executive Council.
The Legislative Council studied the laws in order to
improve them.
Elected representatives who belonged to political
parties other than the one forming a provincial government were known as “the
opposition”. They debated and critiqued
the bills proposed by government and held its ministers accountable for their
actions.
In 1905, only men had the right to vote. Women in Quebec did not win the right to vote
in provincial elections until 1940.
Define: Political party, Constituency, Cabinet
Revenue
Sharing (p.14)
Federal government spending is greater than the
spending by provincial governments. This
is because the federal government takes care of the whole country, while
provincial governments are only responsible for the provinces.
Some powers of the country are split among the
different levels of government.
Federal Government Powers:
Postal Service
Defense (army)
Currency
Fishing
Criminal Laws
Aboriginal affairs
Provincial Government Powers:
Healthcare
Education
Civil Law
Municipalities
Shared Powers:
Trade
Transportation
Immigration
Agriculture
Define: Customs duty, Crown land
1820 Upper
Canada and Lower Canada (p.15)
The two Canada’s are united. The French population did not like this
merger partly because they had less say in decision making, even when it
concerned the French-speaking areas of the new province.
1840 United
Canada (p.16)
Define: Consolidate, Ministerial responsibility
Ministerial
Responsibility (p.17)
Questions: # 1-4
Flagging
Interest (p.18)
Britain found new sources of wood that were closer to
them – Finland, Sweden, Norway – and so lost interest in supporting and
developing British North American colonies.
The government took control of the country’s
development and built canals and railway lines, encouraged immigration and
improved agricultural techniques, and pursued foreign trade, especially for
timber.
Neighbor
and Ally (p.19)
In 1854, United Canada and the United States signed a
reciprocity treaty allowing for free trade between the two countries. They traded wood, coal, flour, fish and
grain. By 1864, the treaty came to an
end. United Canada then began to trade
within its own colonies through the building of new railway lines.
Define: Reciprocity Treaty
Newcomers
(p.23)
Define: Infectious, Quarantine
The Road to
Confederation (p.24)
Define: Consensus
1867 The
Constitution of the Dominion of Canada (p. 25-26)
After uniting, United Canada, Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick, representatives now had to present its constitution to the Queen and
Parliament in London, England. The new
Canada was still a British possession and all changes in administration had to
receive British parliamentary approval and royal assent.
Canada’s constitution was signed by Queen Victoria in
March and came into effect on July 1, 1867.
That is why we celebrate Canada Day every July 1.
Although Canada was still a British possession after
Confederation, it was considered a Dominion, which meant it had control over
its own territory, with significant decision making power. Great Britain continued to oversee Canada’s
foreign policy.
Questions: p. 25 #2-3
DEFINITIONS P.4-5
Define: Federation
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS P.6
1. Quebec expanded northward.
2. Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory
united to form the Northwest Territories.
Upper Canada and Lower Canada became Ontario and Quebec.
3. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island
and Newfoundland. They are also known as
the Atlantic provinces.
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS P.10
1. The public
2. The governor general
3. The lieutenant-governor
4. The governor general
Define: Federation, Dominion, Member of Parliament
DEFINITIONS P.12-13
Define: Political party, Constituency, Cabinet
DEFINITIONS P.14
Define: Customs duty, Crown land
DEFINITIONS P.16
Define: Consolidate, Ministerial responsibility
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS P.17
1. The Governor accepted the bills voted by the
members of Parliament.
2. The Governor
3. They were appointed from among the elected members
of Parliament of the party in power.
4. Responsible Government because the ministers were
chosen from among the members of Parliament of the party in power that were
elected by the people.
DEFINITIONS P.19
Define: Reciprocity Treaty
DEFINITIONS P.23
Define: Infectious, Quarantine
DEFINITIONS P. 24
Define: Consensus
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS P.25
2. He is standing in the center of the group. He is holding a document in his hands that
might be a draft of the Constitution.
3. Women were absent because they did not have the
right to vote or run for political office at that time.
January 20, 2015
There will be a Social Studies evaluation on Thursday, January 29th on Book 2 - Adventure 2. Please review the following:
- notes and questions in scribbler
- definitions for Adventure 2
- Worksheets pages 65, 66, 67
Following are the notes for Book 2 - Adventure 2:
Adventure 2
Country Life at the Beginning of the 20th Century
Question: p.28 #1
A Portrait
of Rural Life (p.30-32)
The land of the St. Lawrence Valley has now been
cleared and a lot of forests have become pasture land. To find new land, new regions had to be
developed.Questions: p. 30 # 1-2
Productive
Solutions (p.33-35)
Crop rotation helps the soil regenerate through not
growing the same crop in the same field every year. One field is often left fallow (empty) and
its position is rotated yearly, just like the crops.
Fertilizers were used to restore the soil’s nutrients
and to produce more abundant crops.
Farm machinery came into more common use, which
increased production. Animals were used
to power some of the machines.
Agricultural schools were created to teach young
people methods of farming, including livestock raising, crop cultivation, and
use of fertilizer and farm machinery.
The government hired people to go to rural areas to
help educate and advise the farmers on new agricultural methods.
Questions: p. 33 #-1-3
Dairy
Farming (p.36-37)
Dairy farming was increasing by leaps and bounds. Farmers were producing a surplus amount of
milk for market and also small quantities of butter and cheese.
Farmers began to specialize in raising certain
livestock for meat, milk or wool. Every
family member worked on the farm: children tended animals and worked in the
garden; women milked the cows, sewed, prepared meals, and helped with the fall
harvest; men ploughed fields, chopped wood, and maintained buildings.
By the end of
the 19th century, subsistence farming had been replaced by surplus
production. Farms often hired workers to
help with ploughing, planting and harvest.
Questions: p.36 #1-2
Strength in
Numbers (p.37)
Similar to how workers formed unions at the end of the
19th century, farmers formed agricultural cooperatives. These cooperatives set the minimum price at
which a product could be sold. This
ensured that all farmers obtained the same price for the same product.
The cooperatives promoted Quebec products abroad. Quebec cheese was sold in Belgium, France and
England. The cooperatives also helped by
educating and informing members about new manufacturing and packaging
techniques. Quebec became the leading
cheese and butter producer in Canada.
From Forest
to Farm (p. 38-39)
Farmers spent the spring and summer working the
land. When autumn came they left for the
logging camps. The wood was used in
construction, the paper industry and for heating. The work was very hard and the men lived in
one room cabins.
When the men were away, the mothers had to take care
of the children’s education as well as the everyday chores.
Village
Life (p.40-43)
The villages resemble those of today. There were stores, a school, a church and
sometimes an inn for visitors.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the
Church played an important role in all the community and social events that
took place in the village. Everyone
attended Mass. It was the perfect
meeting place.
October, 19, 2014
I added a couple more small sections to the notes. I will hand these out in class as well to make sure everyone has them.
October 17, 2014
There will be a Social Studies evaluation on Friday, Oct. 24th on Book 1 - Adventures 2 & 3. Please review the following:
- notes and questions in scribbler
- definitions for Adventures 2 & 3
- maps on pages 24, 30, 33, 35
- Reality Check pages 44-45 # 2, 3, 4
- page 29, the 2 men
- page 37, 'Did you know?'
Following are the notes for Adventures 2 and 3:
Adventure 2
1754 The War Begins (p.28)
— The British (Anglo-American colonists) wanted to
establish themselves in the Ohio Valley, which was a French
territory. Clashes followed. Fighting also broke out in Acadia (present
day New Brunswick and part of Maine) and around the Great Lakes.
— 7000
soldiers were sent from France to help fight the British. The British sent over 40 000 soldiers and 200
boats. Soon the British controlled
traffic on the Atlantic Ocean, blocking the passage for further French reinforcements.
The British Seize the City of Quebec (page 29)
On September 13,
1759, after 4 years of war, the British won a very important battle. General
James Wolfe and his troops defeated Marquis de Montcalm on the Plains of
Abraham. The city of Quebec fell under British control. General Wolfe was the
leader of the British army and Marquis de Montcalm was the leader of the French
army. They both died in a big battle on the Plains of
Abraham.
The capitulation of Montreal (page 29)
The capitulation
of Montreal was sad news for the inhabitants of New France. In the fall of
1760, Montreal surrendered without a fight when a great number of British
soldiers surrounded the city. General Levis decided to surrender because the
French soldiers were greatly outnumbered and the battle would only have caused
many deaths when they had no chance of winning. After the surrender of
Montreal, New France ceased to exist.
Independence for the Thirteen Colonies: Creation of the United Stated of America (page 34)
Some of the inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies wanted their independence. Others, who wanted to remain loyal to the king of Great Britain, left the Thirteen Colonies. Many of them settled in the Province of Quebec. They were called Loyalists. These newcomers asked for British laws, and Protestant schools and churches.
The Loyalists and the French rarely mixed. They had not settled in neighbouring regions. The Loyalists wanted a British-style government and did not agree that the French Canadians should keep their language, religion, and civils laws. The British authorities made a decision: they divided the Province of Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Each had their own government, set up under the authority of the king of Great Britain.
Adventure 3
Say it Loud and Clear (p.38-39)
1. The Canadian form of government was created similar to
the British system. People voted
verbally or by a show of hands, which sometimes influenced the results. Most candidates were lawyers, merchants or
seigneurs. Farmers had to take care of
their land and did not have time to be candidates.
2. In
1791, male and female inhabitants aged 21 and over could vote as long as they
were landowners. Most people did not
like women voting, they thought women should vote according to their husbands’
wishes. French people could be part of
the House of Assembly. The British government
worried about giving the Francophones too much power.
3. Anglophones
held the important positions in the government and did not have the same
interests as the French. Therefore, decisions
often favored the English people.
The Role of Newspapers (p.40-41)
— The right to vote isn’t
the only thing that makes a society democratic.
The people also need freedom of expression. Newspapers play an important role in society. They allow people to express their viewpoint
and stay informed about important events.
September 17, 2014
There will be a Social Studies evaluation on Thursday, Sept. 25th on Book 1 - Adventure 1. Please review the following:
- notes and questions in scribbler
- worksheets 50, 52, 54, 55, 56
- definitions for Adventure 1
Following are the notes for Adventure 1:
Module 1
Canadian Society around 1820
Adventure 1 - Upper Canada and Lower Canada around 1820
A Look at the Present (p.4-5)
Canada is a vast country. Quebec has a population of about 7 650 000, most of whom live in the southern part.
Canada
Today (p.6-7)
Canada is the second largest country in the world next
to Russia.
Upper and
Lower Canada (p.10-11)
In 1820, Canada was no longer owned by France. It was now controlled by Great Britain.
Most of the population lived along the St. Lawrence
River and north of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
Over 80% of the people were farmers.
A Few Acres
of Land (p.14-17)
In 1820, the people farmed and grew their own
crops. They grew things like wheat,
potatoes and oats as well as apples and melons.
They also raised animals such as sheep, pigs, horses and cattle.
In the township land division system, people could buy
a plot of land instead of renting.
The Timber
Trade (p.18-19)
Forestry is a very important economic activity for New
France. New France exported timber to
Great Britain to build ships.
Canals
(p.20)
Canals connected waterways and allowed ships to cross
rapids.
The City of
Quebec (p.21)
Quebec is the most important city in Lower Canada at
this time. Since it is closer to the
Atlantic Ocean, many immigrants and trade goods arrive in Quebec City.
The English speaking people contributed to the
colony’s development, occupying important positions in government and
business. They lived in the two main
cities of Quebec and Montreal.
Montreal: A
Booming City (p.22-23)
Montreal grew rapidly in this era. There was a growth in business and cultural
life.
The city was highly focused on trade and was home to
many businessmen and many banks.
John Molson and James McGill are two people who had a
great impact on Quebec society.
September 11, 2014
Visit this page to find the notes for social studies class and information about upcoming evaluations.
Friday, May 2, 2014
There will be an evaluation on Friday, May 9th on Book 8 - Adventures 2 & 3. Please review the following:
- notes and questions in scribbler
- worksheets 56-63
- definitions for Adventures 2 & 3
Following are the notes for Book 8 - Adventures 2 & 3:
ADVENTURE 2 CASE STUDY: CHILE
Chile’s Economy around 1980 (p.24-25)
Copper was
the main natural resource in Chile. It
was taken from the Andes Mountains and used to manufacture many different
objects like coins, munitions, and electrical wiring.
Chile
produced a wide variety of agricultural goods as well. They grew things like
wheat, potatoes and fruit. Wine
production was also an important industry.
There were
livestock farms that raised animals like alpacas, sheep and chinchillas. Around 1980, the majority of Chileans were poor;
20% of the population held 80% of the land.
Fishing was
a major economic activity along the Pacific coast.
Democratic Chile (p.26-29)
Until 1973,
Chile had been a democratic country with a constitution and a president elected
by the people. The representatives who
made up the government were responsible for making laws and spending the
government money. Chile had political
parties.
On
September 11, 1973, General Pinochet and his army took over the government and
killed the president. Many members of
the government were arrested and many were killed as well.Dictatorship: Power in a country is held by one person; the people don’t vote and don’t have many rights.
The Pinochet Regime (p.30-31)
After
taking over the government, General Pinochet declared himself president without
the people’s consent and established a dictatorship. His army kept him in power, made sure he was
safe, stopped all demonstrations by the people, and enforced a curfew
throughout the country.
Parliament
was abolished and the constitution was discarded. The new government was made up of many
soldiers. Decrees replaced laws and the
people no longer participated in decision making.
Life in Chile (p.32-33)
The new
government was feared by the people. The
government controlled all information and reporters were not allowed to print
anything that wasn’t acceptable by the government.
ADVENTURE 3 THE FRAGILITY OF DEMOCRACY (p.34)
Democracy
is a constant evolution. There is never
a final achievement. Now the world is
made up of a majority of democratic countries.
South Africa (p.35-37)
South
Africa had a lot of natural wealth: gold and diamond mines, manufacturing
industries and agriculture.
Apartheid: The
separation of people based on skin color.
Parliament
was made up of white representatives elected by white South Africans only.
The black,
mixed race and Indian population did not have the right to vote, own property,
run for Parliament or form a political party.
They were also confined to certain areas. Torture, imprisonment and assassinations
became more common in order to prevent black resistance against apartheid.
Nondemocratic Regimes (p.38-40)
Cuba:
Since 1959, Fidel Castro leads the only political party that controls Cuba. No opposition is tolerated against the
government. Peoples’ rights are
restricted and opponents are imprisoned.
North
Korea: Political power is passed down within the same
family. People are not granted basic
human rights.
China:
The Communist Party has been in power since 1949, ruling in an authoritarian
manner and stopping all opposition by imprisoning people or executing
them. The judicial system is designed to
serve the needs of the government.
Defending Democracy (p.42-43)
Nations
must help defend democracy. This is the
reason for the creation of the United Nations.
Their main goal is to work for justice and peace throughout the world
and to protect human rights.
March 26, 2014
There will be an evaluation on Friday, April 4th on Book 8 - Introduction & Adventure 1. Please review the following:
- notes and questions in scribbler
- worksheets 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55
- definitions in book for pages 6-21
Following are the notes for Book 8 - Introduction & Adventure 1:
MODULE 8
DEMOCRACY AT WORK
Introduction
Citizens 18
years old and older have the right to participate in elections.
Democratic
Country: A country where
citizens enjoy rights and freedoms.
Partially
Democratic Country:
A country where citizens have limited rights and freedoms, where there
is corruption, laws are violated and there is racial segregation or civil war.
Nondemocratic
Country: A country
where citizens are denied rights and freedoms, and where the government is
controlled by a specific group of people.
ADVENTURE 1 WHAT IS A DEMOCRACY?
The Keys to Democracy (p.13-17)
I Rights
and Freedom of Citizens
Freedom
of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of association and the right to
vote are the basic rights and freedoms of a democracy. With
rights come responsibilities.
II
Elections to Choose Representatives
In
a democracy, regular elections must be held. Rules
must be known and accepted by all; there must be a diversity of political
parties to choose from and elections must be held in a way that people do not
feel threatened.
III Laws
for Everyone
In
many countries, the rules governing the organization of the state and its
relationship with its citizens are defined by a written constitution. Canada has integrated a charter into its
Constitution that guarantees the protection of all its rights and freedoms. The
independence of judges is essential so that the government can be forced to
change certain laws that do not respect the constitution or the charter.
The Development of Democracy in Canada (p.18)
Democracy
in Canada has evolved a great deal since the time of New France. At that time, the population did not
participate in decision making. Today,
democracy is well established in Canada.
Democratic Quebec (p.19-21)
Quebec
belongs to the federation of Canada where the powers are shared between the
Canadian government and the provinces.
In 1975, the Charter of Rights and
Freedoms was adopted to guarantee that all individuals are equal under the
law.
In Quebec,
the right to vote was recognized for all Canadian citizens 18 years of age or
older who have been living in Quebec for at least six months and were
registered on the electoral list.
In 1980,
the Quebec government held a referendum about the future of the province. 58.5% of the people voted to stay a part of
Canada as opposed to becoming a separate country.
Feb. 21, 2014
There will be an evaluation on Thursday, February 27th on Book 7 - Adventure 2. Please review the following:
- notes and questions in scribbler
- worksheets 57, 60-62, 65-69 (questions pertaining to the Inuit, not the Mi'kmaq)
- definitions in book for adventure 2
Following are the notes for Book 7 - Adventure 2
ADVENTURE 2
THE INUIT OF NUNAVIK
Northern
Flora and Fauna (p.30)
In the south, the boreal forest contains coniferous trees; in the north
lies the tundra, where lichen and moss are the vegetation. Despite very short summers, there is a lot of
vegetation. Many animals live in the
northern region: caribou, red fox, Arctic fox, small rodents, birds, and polar
bears. The northern seas provide refuge
for many marine animals as well, such as seals, humpback and beluga whales.
Midnight
Sun (p.31)
The seasons and the number of daylight hours vary
according to the Earth’s rotation on its own axis, the tilt of its axis and its
movement around the sun. In the summer,
the sun shines on the territories for many hours. During the longest days, the sun does not set. In the winter, the opposite occurs. For several days, the sun does not shine in
the north.
Traditional
Way of Life (p.32)
Until 1950, the Inuit were nomadic. They were hunters and fishermen. The Inuit’s daily activities were organized
according to the season. Hunting and
fishing were central to their activities.
Housing (p.32)
In winter, the Inuit lived in two types of housing:
semi-subterranean dwellings built with whalebones or driftwood, and igloos
built with blocks of snow and ice.
Today, the Inuit use igloos as temporary hunting shelters. In summer, they build their houses with seal
skins, which they stretch between poles.
The First
Encounters (p.33)
In 1610, Henry Hudson and his team were the first to
land on Inuit territory. In the 1940s
and 1950s, Canadians and Americans established military bases in the Arctic and
built defense lines. This sparked a
whole series of changes in the Inuit society’s way of life.
Europeans once used the term “Eskimo” to refer to the
Inuit. This term means “a person who
eats raw meat”.
Economic
Activities (p.36-37)
Fishing: In Nunavik, they fish year round, in open
water during the summer and under the ice in winter. Commercial fishing is carried out with nets.
The main species are Arctic char, salmon and whitefish. The Inuit have replaced kayaks with aluminum
boats and paddles with motors.
Hunting: Around 1980, the Inuit hunted seals and
beluga whales. Many used guns but some
still use harpoons. Snowmobiles have
replaced dogsleds. Inuksuks are stone sculptures that mimic the human form and serve
to guide hunters in winter because they can be seen from a distance.
Festivities
of the Inuit (p.38-39)
Festivals are important to the Inuit. The end-of-summer festival can last up to 10
days. Traditional dishes (raw meats like
beluga and salmon; caribou, boiled goose and Arctic char) are served on the
ground. Western dishes (modern food) are
served on a table. All dishes are
accompanied by bannock and a very sweet black tea.
Inuit Throat Singing: This is a
traditional style of Inuit singing done by women.
Warm
Clothes (p.40)
According to tradition, Inuit women make clothes out
of leather and fur. Caribou fur and seal
skin are the most commonly used. The
women make not only pants and coats, but also waterproof boots of sealskin that
are called kamiits. In the 1980’s, the Inuit started wearing
modern clothing such as parkas, jeans and shirts.
Snow Goggles: In the far north, it is important to wear
goggles to protect the eyes from the sun’s reflection on the snow. The traditional model consists of a small
slit carved in the piece of wood or bone.
Only a small amount of light can penetrate. Sunglasses are popular today.
Bringing Stone to Life: The Inuit
sculpt statues in a soft heavy stone known as soapstone. These sculptures usually represent animals
(polar bears, seals and whales are the most popular), hunters and women with
children.
- the preservation of language and culture
- the improvement of education.
Oral
Tradition (pg. 42)
— The Inuit use stories and legends to pass down ancestral traditions from
one generation to another. Stories and legends depict (tell about)adventures,
hunting exploits and family migration.
— The Inuit have a particular form of writing based on stenography. Their
form of writing is based on sounds, not letters. The Inuit have been using this
form of writing for about 100 years.
Major
Challenges (pg. 43)
— The major challenges facing the Inuit today are:
- the economic
development of communities- the preservation of language and culture
- the improvement of education.
— The environment and global warming are also big concerns.
— Drug addiction is another major challenge facing the Inuit.
Jan. 24, 2014
There will be an evaluation on Thursday, January 30th on Book 7 - Adventure 1. Please review the following:
- notes and questions in scribbler
- worksheets 54-55, 58-59, 62-64, 68-69 (questions pertaining to the Mi'kmaq, not the Inuit)
- maps on pages 6 & 7 of book
- definitions in book for adventure 1
Following are the notes for Book 7 - Adventure 1:
MODULE 7
THE MI’KMAQ AND THE INUIT AROUND 1980:
NEW CHALLENGES
Aboriginal: The first
inhabitant of a territory.
ADVENTURE 1
THE MI’KMAQ OF QUEBEC
Traditional Ways of Life (p.12-13)
According to the Mi’kmaq division of labour, men hunted and
fished while women gathered fruits and nuts.
The women also collected shellfish, such as scallops and mussels.
The Indian Act and its Effects (p.15)
In 1876, the Canadian Government adopted the Indian Act which
describes Aboriginals as inferior beings.
The law said that they could become “white” by getting a university
degree. The new law wanted to control
the Aboriginals’ way of life by: (1) creating reserves; (2) defining what it is
to be an Indian; (3) establishing band councils; and (4) prohibiting
traditional ceremonies and dances.
Economic Activities (p.16-17)
Fishing is a traditional Aboriginal economic activity. They used to fish for their own food but it
has now expanded so that they are able to sell their catch. Cod was the main species that they fished,
but cod and salmon stocks are now threatened from over fishing.
The forest is an important natural resource for
Aboriginals. Many Mi’kmaq work in the
forest industry thinning out the trees.
Big companies were in charge of forest management and some wanted to
clear cut the areas. The Aboriginals
were against this because it wiped out the wild game that were found in the
forest.
Tourism is more important to the Mi’kmaq than before. People like to visit interpretation sites to
see the traditional way of life of the Mi’kmaq.
Artisan Traditions (p.18-19)
Crafts were an important economic activity in the 1980s. Some men prepare wooden strips and the women
weave them in to baskets. They also make
leather clothing and drums using traditional methods. Mi’kmaq elders teach these traditions in
schools, which helps the children connect with their culture.
Mi’kmaq Traditions (p.20-21)
Traditional Medicine:
The Mi’kmaq use a great variety of plants to heal wounds and treat
illnesses. For example:
Ø Pine resin
is used to make an anointment to treat mild burns and sunburn.
Ø Herbal tea
made with black alder is used to relieve fever.
Ø A paste is
made from blueberry leaves and applied to painful joints.
Ø Juniper
resin helps cuts heal faster.
Ø A herbal
tea made from strawberry roots and leaves is used to treat diarrhea and bladder
infections.
Beliefs: Though many
Mi’kmaq are Catholic, they have preserved many traditional beliefs. For example, they believe that Earth belongs
to no one and that humans belong to the Earth.
Education:
In school, Mi’kmaq students learn that same things as we do here but
learning the Mi’kmaq language takes up a large amount of class time.
Let’s Celebrate (p.22-23)
One of the Mi’kmaq traditional festivals is the powwow. It is celebrated twice each year during the
month of August. Each powwow lasts for
two days. The powwow includes
traditional dances, singing and storytelling.
The Mi’kmaq wear very colourful clothing during the powwow. Traditional foods are also at the powwows.
Social Organization (p.24-25)
The Mi’kmaq elect a band council that includes a chief
and counsellors. They deal with social
issues like healthcare and education in the village as well as decide on public
spending (ex. maintaining roads and public buildings).
The Challenges of the 21st Century (p.27)
Here are some the challenges of the Mi’kmaq for the 21st
century:
·
Meet the needs of the community
·
Preserve their culture
·
Encourage the youth to pursue their education in order
to build a strong future
·
Improve living conditions
·
Prevent social problems
·
Exercise more control over their economy
·
Protect natural resources in order to provide jobs and
revenue for many years to come
Nov. 28, 2013
Following are the notes for Book 6 - Adventures 1, 2 and 3:
MODULE 6
THE NEW FACE OF QUEBEC
ADVENTURE 1
ORGANIZATION OF THE TERRITORY
The Road
Network
In the early 1950’s, Quebec entered a period of economic
prosperity: the number of jobs was on the rise as well as the wages employees
were paid. More and more cars and trucks
were being sold, which led to the development of the road network. The first Quebec highway was built in
1958. Many new bridges were built
also.
Transportation
More airports were also built at this time. As of 1970, the train was no longer the first
choice for carrying merchandise. Trucks
quickly gained in popularity for carrying cargo because the new road network
allowed them to reach specific destinations.
However, commuter trains became popular among people who had to go to
the city for work because they were a cheaper source of transportation and it
was better for the environment.
Maritime transportation grew to become a booming sector in
the 1960’s. Icebreakers made it possible
to keep the channel between Montreal and Quebec City open in the winter. In 1968, the Port of Montreal became the
first Canadian port equipped to unload and load containers. The containers were transported directly to
the ship either by truck or by train.
Once at their destination port, they were unloaded from the ship and
loaded back onto a truck or train.
Suburbs
Since many people lived in the city and wanted to live in a
different area, suburbs started growing in popularity. People traveled to and from the city everyday
to work and back home. There was less
noise and air pollution in the suburbs than in the city. Residential areas of land were larger and
less expensive. There was also less
traffic. Highways and wide streets made
it easier for people to get around.
Suburbs offered services that met the needs of families, such as parks
with trees, municipal pools and libraries.
New stores were opened.
Shopping
Centers
Shopping centers with huge parking lots were built to meet
the needs of the new residents. They
were made up of large stores and smaller, more specialized businesses. Each business had its entrance inside the
mall. Shopping centers had an impact on
small neighbourhood shops.
Industrial
Parks
In the suburbs, industrial parks were built far from
residential areas. They were located
close to major road networks and sometimes near an airport. Businesses benefited from the close highways
and wide streets, since it made it easier to transport big, heavy loads.
Meanwhile
back in the city...
The neighbourhoods changed to meet the needs of the
population. Some old buildings were torn
down and replaced with apartment buildings, and some of the rundown buildings
were renovated. Many municipalities
offered subsidies (money) to owners for renovating their houses. Historic neighbourhoods were also restored in
an effort to preserve Quebec’s heritage.
Tall office towers and high-rise apartment buildings were built in
downtown cores. A new social class of
middle class people emerged between that of workers and business owners. Residential developments were built in order
to meet the needs of this new middle class.
ADVENTURE 2
KEY EVENTS & INDIVIDUALS
Family
Organization
Families are changing in which there less marriages and more
divorces and more people are living together as common law couples. There are also more single parent families
and more blended families (in which one or both parents have children from a
previous relationship).
More children are attending daycares now because both parents
are working.
Women’s
Demands
Before the 1970’s women were sometimes paid less than a man
for the same job. Organizations were
created to make sure that women are now paid the same rate for the same
job. If a woman becomes pregnant, her
employer cannot fire her or force her to quit her job. Her job is protected.
Law and
Reforms
There were many changes during this time. For example, with the Hospital Insurance Act people had access to free hospital services;
the Education Act provides free access to education
for youth; and the Charter of the French
Language (Bill 101) made French the official language in Quebec.
ADVENTURE 3
QUEBEC, OPEN TO THE WORLD
Immigration
Immigration is a shared responsibility between the federal
and provincial governments. Immigrants
are chosen based on their training and skills.
In Quebec, the government hopes that all immigrants will learn French
and become a part of the French culture.
Most immigrants that come to Quebec settle in Montreal because there are
others there from the same countries.
A Distinct
Society
The Quiet Revolution marked the beginning of the French
people of Quebec thinking of their province as a distinct society.
Oct. 10, 3013
There will a social studies evaluation on Monday, October 21st on Book 5 : Adventures 2 & 3. Please review the following:
- notes
- question in notebook
- definitions
- worksheets pages 68-72
- Reality Check page 45
Here are the notes for Adventure 2 & 3:
ADVENTURE 2
– MASTERS IN OUR OWN HOUSE
Masters in or own House (p.22-23)
Things are starting to change in Quebec
The government assigned the management and development of
electricity to Hydro-Quebec. Because of
the low cost of electricity, Quebec
The good thing about hydroelectricity is that it does not
produce pollution. It’s considered a clean
energy especially since other energy forms like coal and oil cause a lot of
pollution.
The development of
hydroelectricity spurred the growth of certain sectors of activity. In 1925,
the aluminum company Alcan set up operations in Arvida. The company built a dam
to supply the electricity needed to power its smelter.
The aluminum sector produced
some 700,000 tons of metal each year. Today Quebec
Bauxite is imported primarily
from French Guinea or Brazil Saguenay River
Bauxite is crushed and mixed
with chemical products to obtain alumina. The alumina is heated at a very high
temperature and transformed until aluminum is obtained.
The aluminum is shaped into
coils to be transported to processing plants. Among other things, aluminum is
used to make containers and aluminum foil for use in homes.
New Businesses (p. 32-33)
During the 1960’s, the Quebec
Car manufacturing plants were
equipped with assembly lines that included computer assisted technology.
Collective agreements regulate
working conditions. They determine the number of hours, salary scales, vacation
periods, retirement conditions, etc.
Both parties must adhere
(agree) to the agreement that has been adopted.
Francophone Entrepreneurs (p. 34-35)
Joseph-Armand Bombardier was
an inventor, a mechanic, and an entrepreneur. He launched the company
Bombardier. At the end of the 1930’s, he commercialized a snowmobile and in
1959, the famous Ski-Doo.
In 1900, Alphonse Desjardins
and his wife, Dorimène, founded the Desjardins credit union.
Pierre Peladeau founded the Journal
de Montreal and the Journal de Quebec.
Healthcare
(p.38-39)
Before 1960, the healthcare system offered services based on
each person’s ability to pay. The
government later created public health insurance. Healthcare in Quebec
hospitals was now free for all. New
hospitals were built to meet the increasing demand for healthcare. Medical fees were paid directly from special
income taxes taken from taxpayers’ salaries.
In 1974, the government created CLSCs. These centres played an important role in
disease prevention and public health awareness and reduced overcrowding in
hospitals.
Education
for all (p.40-41)
Education became an important issue in Quebec
in the 1960’s. Some major points from
the Parent Report are:
·
Abolition of school fees
·
Free textbooks
·
Full access for students to schools in their municipalities
up to grade 11
·
Mandatory schooling until age 16
CEGEPs and
Universities (p.42)
CEGEPs were created in 1967.
They prepared students for university or for the job market.
Sept. 27, 2013
Robert B. & Taylor: - We corrected questions page 29 # 1-2
- Read pages 30-31
- Copy down notes "An Electrifying Company"
- Do questions page 30 # 1, 2, 3
Sept. 24, 2013
Here are the notes for Module 5 - Adventure 2:
ADVENTURE 2
– MASTERS IN OUR OWN HOUSE
Masters in or own House (p.22-23)
Things are starting to change in Quebec
The government assigned the management and development
of electricity to Hydro-Quebec. Because
of the low cost of electricity, Quebec
The good thing about hydroelectricity is that it does
not produce pollution. It’s considered a
clean energy especially since other energy forms like coal and oil cause a lot
of pollution.
The development of hydroelectricity
spurred the growth of certain sectors of activity. In 1925, the aluminum
company Alcan set up operations in Arvida. The company built a dam to supply
the electricity needed to power its smelter.
The aluminum sector produced some
700,000 tons of metal each year. Today Quebec
Bauxite is imported primarily from
French Guinea or Brazil Saguenay River
Bauxite is crushed and mixed with
chemical products to obtain alumina. The alumina is heated at a very high
temperature and transformed until aluminum is obtained.
The aluminum is shaped into coils to
be transported to processing plants. Among other things, aluminum is used to
make containers and aluminum foil for use in homes.
During the 1960’s, the Quebec
Car manufacturing plants were
equipped with assembly lines that included computer assisted technology.
Collective agreements regulate
working conditions. They determine the number of hours, salary scales, vacation
periods, retirement conditions, etc.
Both parties must adhere (agree) to
the agreement that has been adopted.
Joseph-Armand Bombardier was an
inventor, a mechanic, and an entrepreneur. He launched the company Bombardier.
At the end of the 1930’s, he commercialized a snowmobile and in 1959, the
famous Ski-Doo.
In 1900, Alphonse Desjardins and his
wife, Dorimène, founded the Desjardins credit union.
Pierre Peladeau founded the Journal
de Montreal and the Journal de Quebec.
Sept. 11, 2013
The evaluation scheduled for Friday is postponed to Monday, Sept. 16.
Noah and Maria : Read pages 20 & 21
Define: drainage basin, flow rate, hydrographic network
Questions: page 20 # 1, 2, 3
page 21 # 1, 2
Worksheet: page 67
Sept. 6, 2013
There will be an evaluation on Book 5 - Adventure 1 on Friday, September 13th. Please review the following: notes, definitions, questions in notebook, worksheets 62-67. Here are the notes for this evaluation:
Quebec from
1900-1980 (p.6-7)
The world of work is divided into 3 sectors: primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary sector involves the development of natural or raw materials. The secondary sector involves the processing of resources. The tertiary sector is made up of jobs related to trade and services.
In 1980 80% of the Quebec population lived in
cities. The migration of people from the
country to the city increased dramatically during the last 80 years.
From 1900-1980, the population of Quebec quadrupled
growing from 1.5 million to more than 6 million. The percentage of people who speak English
has risen from 11 % to 16%, and the number who speak another language has risen
from 4% to 7%.
The Quiet Revolution is the name given to the
nonviolent period of political and social change that occurred in Quebec in the
1960’s.
Mining Resources (p. 12-13)
Most of Quebec’s mining activities involved ores, such as iron, gold, copper and asbestos. Some mines had plants nearby that processed metal minerals into ingots. These products were then shipped by train to cities, and then on to various countries. Asbestos is a nonmetallic mineral that was used to make construction materials such as pipes, gypsum board and mineral wool. Asbestos was also very useful as a fireproof material.
New technologies have increased productivity on
farms. Equipment was more expensive, so
farmers grouped together to purchase it.
Farms were becoming more and more specialized in a single type of
production. Around 1980, around 78 000
people worked in the farming sector. A
higher level of education among farmers, mechanized equipment and new
techniques increased the productivity of farms.
Quebec’s forests provide jobs to over 10 000 people;
around 1900, they provided 90 000.
Sophisticated machines replaced a large part of the workforce. Canada has the world’s largest boreal
forest. It covers one third of Quebec’s
territory. Forest resources are used
primarily for making paper. The
invention of tree-cutting machines led to clear cutting. Companies must make sure they replant trees
they cut down. Mixed forest, which
provides hardwood for the manufacturing of flooring and furniture, has almost
disappeared because of deforestation for agriculture.
Fish and shellfish were abundant in the Bas St.
Laurent, Gaspésie, Iles-de-la-Madeleine, and Cote Nord regions. The cod stock was endangered by over-fishing;
the Grand Banks of Newfoundland was in international waters where trawlers from
several European countries were also fishing.
In the early 1980’s, the government adopted an order prohibiting cod
fishing. This radical measure was
necessary to protect the species.
Quebec’s hydrographic network has many lakes and
rivers. The movement of glaciers carved
out the Canadian Shield. As glaciers
melted, many cavities were filled with water to become lakes, rivers and other
bodies of water. Each of the waterways
that empty into an ocean is referred to as a drainage basin. Quebec has three drainage basins: Hudson Bay,
Ungava Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.
Thanks Diane,
ReplyDeletePosting notes help alot